French Agriculture and the Industrial Crisis of 1788 - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3083 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Tags: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? Brought about by the reforms in the taxation system, the agrarian crisis during the years 1788-1789 became the cause of disorder due to the resulting food shortages. Due to the food shortage, there was an increase in demand for food, which, in turn, resulted with a increase of prices. Because of the reformed tax system, the poor were unable to afford food, thus causing a mass hunger within their social class. As a result, the ones in poverty began forming their own revolutions against this crisis of hunger. During the French Revolution, there was a wide gap between the social classes. While the middle class remained influential during these times, there were people known as the Revolutionaries in the Streets. Due to the wide gap between the rich and poor, the poor received low wages and had a fear of unemployment. Due to their dislike and distrust of the wealthy, the feared the possibility of conspiracy, whereas the rich feared the revolution of the poor and the abolition of the nobility. These revolutions further inspired more revolutions from the poor that would eventually re-shape the French. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "French Agriculture and the Industrial Crisis of 1788" essay for you Create order Because of the troubled political and financial situation France was in at the time, King Louis the XVI summoned the Estates General in 1789, a general assembly representing the French estates of the realmthe clergy, the nobility, and the commonersto propose petitions and solutions to the governments problems (Wilde). This assembly last convened in 1614, which signified the severity of the matters to be discussed in 1789 (Chisholm). The First and the Second Estates were the clergy and the nobility, who were generally exempt from taxes. The burden of the French governments financial problems therefore rested upon members of the Third Estate, who were required to pay taxes. King Louis XVIs plans of heavier taxation which generally affected members of the Third Estate were met with extreme dissent from the members of this assembly. Before the session on 5 May 1789, it was already agreed upon that the Third Estate shall have double representation, meaning that they would have twice the number of votes as the other two estates. When the Estates-General finally convened at Versailles, however, it became apparent that this double representation would not be of any meritinstead, the vote of the Third Estate would be weighed equally with the vote of the other Estates. This led to an impasse among the Estates, who instead of discussing propositions for taxation and the governments finances, debated and argued over their own structures and hold of power (The First Revolution). This eventually led to Abbe Sieys urging members of the Third Estate (now named the Commune) to verify their own power, and to invite the other Estates to take part in this change. They declared themselves the National Assembly who were an assembly of the People, not of the Estates. Support eventually poured in from the clergy and the nobility. One may say that France, before the revolution, is synonymous to extravagance. The monarchy thrived in rich, luxurious lifestyles that eventually proved to be their downfall. To support their lifestyle, the upper class had to greatly tax the common people. Coupled with the debt their extravagant lifestyle gave them was the already tumultuous amount of debt that France had while participating in the American Revolution against the British. (The French Revolution) And so, even with the high taxes imposed on the peasantry, they needed more money to pay off all the debts theyve incurred. Of course, high taxes on the already poor people and produce would crush and drive an economy to the ground. As was mentioned before, the monarchy lived extravagantly while the rest of the populace struggled with the heavy taxes imposed on their produce. However, the clergy was exempt from taxes, due to a very impractical allocation of taxes. Hence all taxes were focused on the common folk, and ignoring the nobles and the clergy. Louis XVI tried to resist this new power, closing down their meeting place at Salle des Etats. A furious National Assembly then assembled at the kings nearby tennis court (now known as the Tennis Court Oath) and pledged that they will not separate until they have given France a constitution. They reconstituted themselves as the National Constituent Assembly on July 9 1789. The National Constituent Assembly gained tremendous support from the Parisian people. So much so that the King ordered troops to be present at the venues at which the Assembly convened; he also offered to move the Assembly to Noyon or Soissons, (notably in between two armies) where it would be far from the support of the people of Paris. This sparked outrage among the people which eventually led to the Storming of the Bastille, symbolically the start of the French Revolution (Mignet). The Great Fear (Grande Peur) during 1789 in the French Revolution was a period of panic and distress by the people especially peasants. This was due to the rumors of a conspiracy by the aristocrats and the privileged which may result to the overthrowing of the Third Estate. The killing of the peasants and the seizing of their property were also part of this conspiracy. This resulted to fear among the Parisians but this fear also gave way to their revolt to prevent the conspiracy. They attacked Bastille to be able to get guns and gunpowder. During the attack, they were able to kill the commander and some of his men and frightened the king as well since he was not only opposed by the citizens but the military as well. In addition to this, feudalism and the Old Regime was also taking place during that time. However, the upheaval of the peasants also made the aristocrats realize that they could no longer protect the Old Regime. The nobles gave up their feudal rights one after another so on August 4, 1789, the National Assembly announced the end of feudalism in France. The Churchs right to demand taxes and the nobilitys right to take fees were removed. More reforms were implemented along with the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. With all of these, feudalism and the Old Regime reached its end. The events that have transpired in the early years of the revolution caused tension between France and other countries that were considered to be its traditional rivals. One of these was Austria. They saw that the Revolution caused the weakening of France. However, not only these countries were still experiencing fear due to the revolution but France as well. France feared of a Counter-Revolution by Austria to support the emigres (nobles who fled the country). Their main aim was to restore the old way of government and to prevent their own governments to be destabilized. The prevention of rebellion beyond French borders was also one of the reasons why Counter-Revolution took place. So, on April 20, 1792, France declared war on Austria. Austria got support from Prussia and invaded France afterwards. They threatened to destroy Paris if ever the king and queen were harmed. Of course, France got angry due to this threat. The Parisians attacked the palace which killed hundreds of guards a nd servants. The birth of a temporary government called the Commune commenced. The king was imprisoned and the election of a new assembly took place. During the course of the revolution, the French republic faced crisis. Conditions became desperate due to the jump in food prices. As an effect, the looting of stores took place. A counter-revolutionary movement by the nobles and the peasants also came about. Even among the revolutionaries themselves, conflict and violence became so apparent. So, the leaders of the Mountain lead by Georges Danton and Maximilien Robespierre from the political club Jacobins established the Committee of Public Safety. Although the leaders came from the bourgeoisie, a realization came about that they needed support from the common people that time since there were plenty of them. The committee that they established aimed to help the poor by regulating the prices and supply of the goods which are necessary. The regulation and setting-up of industries to produce weapons for the army was also established. This committee also called on the whole nation to partake in the war efforts. All able-bodied men were drafted for army service. This implies that the nation became more mobile since everyone had tasks to do. Women worked in hospitals and children helped by collecting old clothes to make bandages. There was efficiency present. Even the elderly helped by making sure that patriotism would arise by giving speeches. Overall, France became truly prepared for war and was more mobilized than before not only due to the participation of all the people but also the crisis was stopped from rampantly spreading further. Feudalism is an idea that enforces a ruler that would have power based on the territory he has. And, with his power, he could employ workers that would work for him in the hopes of attaining land, thus, attaining power. This introduced a system that demanded the workers to work harder in order for them to attain power. This system could be abused by the rulers, or even those who attain power and give it to others. During the Revolution, this power was then put to challenge by those who were under. The revolution introduced the people to different new things. Workers, who realized that they had more power than what they had thought, started to fight back and rebel against the nobility. The nobility, afraid of any more opposition, declared the August Decrees, which liberated the workers of any control of their landlords. Economy-wise, this step would pull down production of any landlords plans of producing crops. Workers were freed and thus left the production of any agriculture. Dominating Frane, the sans culottes were the laborers that created the foundation of the French Revolution from 1792-1794. As wage earners, they had to thrive with maximum effort for survivability. Inflation rose throughout the nation, making money even harder to come by. With their financial state at an all time, the sans culottes were forced to project more effort than they already gave to put bread on the table. The overload of work pushed them to the realization of the injustice of it all. Their lifestyle was harsh but the state of it was caused by the monarchy. Of course, with the higher classes being given all their resources without even lifting a finger, the sans culottes were outraged at the fact. They wanted to be able to go through life without working till their deathbeds just to be fed. Jacobins also shared this idea but they were more radical, wanting more and demanding more. He then began to work with them, forming a group called the Mountain. They began taking control of the convention and reformed the state of monarchy. With that, they were able to put Louis XVI on trial. In an attempt to reform the impractical measures of taxation, the Estates General was convened. This was a gathering of Frances three main social classes. The first estate was the clergy, the second is the nobles, and the third is the rest of the population of France, peasants and the like. (REFERENCE) In a failed attempt to outvote the other two Estates for a fair form of taxation for all, the Third Estate refused to be treated as an inferior member and formed the National Assembly. They wanted a fair way of representing the vast majority of the French people, and sought to change the voting per delegate, not per estate, which would give the Third Estate more power over the two others. This did not bode well for the National Assembly and was locked out of the courtroom while drafting their constitution. The monarchy, sensing a possible power struggle, threatened to use force against the Third Estate delegates, but the people of France revolted, and what happened next was the sacking of Bastille. (REFERENCE) As for the effects in culture, because of the revolutions, some beliefs have been changed. An example of this would be the empowerment of women. Before 1789, ideas such as womens rights for education, and taking active positions outside of the home were looked down upon and casted aside. However, even though women never gained full political rights during the French Revolution, they still actively participated through various forms such as: rioting over the price of food, joined clubs organized by women, attending meetings of political clubs, joining clubs organized by women, and taking part in movements against the Revolution. At the end of it, even though womens political activism were rising and falling, they were seen as symbols of revolutionary values. Most of the revolutionary values: liberty, equality, fraternity, reason, the Republic, were represented by female figures. Another change of belief within the French Revolution would be the view of the people towards the monarchs. In line with the womens protests about food shortage, the mob managed to take the royal family to come with them two Paris and had Louis sign the Declaration of the Rights of Man (1789). Even still, though they had an eye on the monarchs, the people still remained suspicious of them. And at the end, in an act of misguided duty to the monarchies of Europe, Prussias Duke of Brunswick wrote that he would raze Paris to the ground if the king were harmed. The Parisian press printed the letter for the whole city to see, enraging the people. The royal family were seen as traitors. The Declaration of the Rights of Man showed its importance also in the cultural aspect as it gave the people ideals of liberty and equality. Though the declaration neither addresses women nor slavery, it is a precursor to international human rights. With this, the people have gained a natural right to property, liberty, and life. In 1793-1794 however, there was a period called the Reign of Terror. The purpose was to eradicate France of enemies of the revolution and to protect the country from foreign invaders. In this period of nine months, seventeen thousand people were guillotined. This was seen as an emergency response to a crisis situation aimed at eliminating political crimes that threatened the state. With this and the passing of the law of suspects in September 1793, the government moved farther away from the liberal ideas of the early revolution, and more towards a police state. Due to the Revolution, different ideologies and beliefs were conceived that helped with the unity of the country. One of these would be nationalism. Nationalism can be put in many simple manners. A strong definition would be a country in arms. This would be a united country with one goal. The revolution exposed different oppositions within and outside the society. This may consist of external threats that may capture or cripple the power of the military. The internal threats could cripple the system from the inside through corruption, disunity and opposing ideas. Different personalities brought up the need to establish nationalism. Jean-Paul Marat, whose newspaper attacked the nobility and politicians, showed the internal fight between the people. Outsiders who threatened the country through invasion and war would be the external examples. The point is, nationalism was brought up in order to resolve the inner and outer threats of the country. And, because of the experiences of the people, the leaders then established nationalism as a solution and guide to unity. The abolishment of absolute powers was a necessary action to be taken in order to balance the rights and privileges of the people. Absolute powers not only limited the power of the people, but also their spirit. It can be seen that the improvement of society began during the Renaissance, when the freedom of intellectual discovery was introduced to the common people. These made the majority open up and eventually conceive the greatest minds in modern society. Feudalism showed another limit for the common people. The advantage of rulers with land is that land was equal to the power that each ruler had. The two ideas that were abolished showed one thing: monopoly power that only FEW people could have. So, through the abolishment, power was then given to those the people had appointed and therefore gave the people a say to who is in power and why they wanted them to be. Containing those who identify themselves as the middle class, the bourgeoisie unified as the National Guard the same time the sans culottes stormed Bastille. Seeing as how there were unable to defend themselves, the power passed on to the bourgeoisie. With power at hand, they became stronger with further events such as the marching of women on October 6. They reached the royal palace of Versailles and demanded bread. With force, they were accompanied back to Paris with the king himself. Since the power became strong enough to have administrations crash all throughout France, all regional and local power were then given the bourgeoisie. They were able to abolish indirect taxes and all internal custom duties. With no financial revenue, they sought out help from the church. By the agreement, the church was then taken part of the counter-revolution. The revolution had realized one of its goals by bringing down the monarchy, but the government with which they tried to replace it with was one with weak influence and power. Even in its early stages, the revolutions governmental body, the National Assembly, did not have enough influence to control the masses in chaotic times. Peasants in the countryside had taken matters into their own hands, which brought about the Great Fear, wherein manors were ransacked and burnt down by peasants intending to escape their feudal contracts (Reference). The Assembly was unable to control such violence, showing their weak influential power. The Assembly eventually changed to a new body, called the Directory. However, the Directory lacked strong leaders as most of the leading personalities of the revolution were executed in the Reign of Terror. Due to its ineffectiveness as a governmental body, the Directory was eventually disbanded (Reference). Without the aid of the government, the already poor economy of France continued to decline. In spite of the changes brought about by the National Assembly, the masses continued to experience poverty and hunger. The failure to address such issues was what had lead the women to march to Versailles (Reference). The quality of life in France after the revolution had not improved significantly, especially with the damage brought about by the wars against neighboring countries (Reference).

Chapter 5 Gambling And Other Modern Compulsions - 722 Words

Chapter 5 – Gambling and Other Modern Compulsions Linden (2011) pointed out the findings from recent community-based studies that a third of gambling and video game addicts can stop their addictions in a year without the need for treatment which is uncommon in the case of drug addiction (para. 5). He stated that gambling and video game addiction activates the pleasure circuit much like other drugs and orgasm (para. 6) Linden (2011) mentioned a study done in the University of Cambridge where they learned that the concept of association is possible in activating the pleasure circuit (para. 20). They studied monkeys who were given syrup drops after a green light would flash for two seconds on a screen. What they observed was that the monkey’s VTA no longer fired dopamine neurons on the reward itself. Instead, the release of dopamine would happen when they saw the green light. After these findings, the researchers decided to add another component to the experiment where they flashed a blue light and rewarded the monkey randomly, fifty percent of the time. After a while, the two seconds that the blue light would flash would activate the monkey’s VTA and release dopamine even if there was no reward given. The level of dopamine released further increased when they were given a bigger reward on the random intervals. Essentially, the monkey found pleasure in the thrill of possibly getting a r eward. Chapter 6 – Virtuous Pleasures (and a Little Pain) Linden (2011) argues thatShow MoreRelatedChristian Ethics3677 Words   |  15 Pageshomosexuality, and divorce) from a biblical perspective. The second edition is significantly expanded and updated, with new material and charts throughout the book. 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Andre Malraux and Althussererian Internal Distance Essay Example For Students

Andre Malraux and Althussererian Internal Distance Essay Claude was growing aware of the essential oneness of the forest and had given up trying to distinguish living beings from their setting, life that moves from life that oozes; some unknown power assimilated the trees with the fungoid growths upon them, and quickened the restless movements of all the rudimentary creatures darting to and fro upon a soil like marsh-scum amid the steaming vegetation of a planet in the making. Here what act of man had any meaning, what human will but spent its staying power?Above all else, Andre Maulrauxs The Royal Way is a novel about the futility of the actions of man, but in mans brief existence in this world, there is adventure and man comes to know himself, the other, and death. The essence of man is not to conquer these facets, but merely to know them and to know his relation to them. In his essay entitled Indochina as Reves-Diurnes and Male Fantasies, Panivong Norindr would have us believe that Malrauxs novel reinforces French colonialist ideologies , a belief supported by Althussers theory of Ideology and Ideological State Appratuses. According to Norindrs reading and Althussers theory, Malrauxs work serves an ideological function by promoting the ruling ideology and the ways in which one identifies oneself in relation to such ideology, that is to say Panivong Norindr denounces Andre Malraux for helping to construct the allure of Indochina as a colonial place through his presentations of masculinist eroticism and effeminizations of the asian space. However, just like Althussers theory, Malrauxs novel is full of contradictions and the biggest shortcoming of Norindrs reading is that he focuses too much attention upon the words, thoughts, and actions of the two protagonists Perkins and Claude Vannec and not enough on the consequences and futility of those words, thoughts, and actions. Norindr fails to see that The Royal Way deals with far greater notions than a ruling ideology or meager desires. Perhaps a better argument is to sa y that contrary to Norindrs claims, Malraux had no intentions to serve any ideologies, let alone French colonialists ideologies, or to promote any desires, let alone masculinist erotic desires, in fact, the many contradictions in his novel provides us with a means of seeing, perceiving, feeling, and gaining an internal distance from the very ideology in which it is held. On the surface, The Royal Way is a story about adventure and masculinist desires to conquer the unknown, the other, but while Malraux clearly expresses these desires through Perkins and Claude Vannec, their failures paint a much clearer picture. Early on in the novel, Malraux establishes a homosocial bond between two personifications of himself, Perkins and Vannec. In this phantom world, unstable as marriage, his last thoughts of the West fell from him; wave on wave, serenely, a cool wind lapped his temples, and under its soft insistence he saw Perken with new eyesThroughout the novel, Malraux uses this duality to s hape and draw perceptions of himself, based in both fantasy and reality. Claude see Perkins as brave and manly, but we quickly learn that Perkins is not nearly as manly as his bravado seems to indicate. Perkins says, there was that time – the first time – when I found that I was impotent and in one fell swoop his manhood is damage and we realize that his desires to conquer are bred out of a selfish desire to compensate for his impotence, but more importantly, this startling revelation damages the notions of adventure and colonial conquest as somehow being for some greater good. Focusing our attention now to Claude Vannec, we see that he is perhaps more closely resembles the reality of Malraux, that is wanting to be brave and adventurous like Perkins, but driven more by selfish desires of financial gain. After an exchange with a local official, Claude thinks, What right had this official to claim a title over any objects he, Claude, might discover, to hunt for which he had come here, on which his last hope hung? Speaking through Claude in this manner, Malraux presents a subtle irony that begs the question, what right did Claude have over any other? Better yet, what right did

Morbid Fascinations Carroll On Horror Essays - Speculative Fiction

Morbid Fascinations: Carroll On Horror Morbid Fascinations: Carroll on Horror The Philosophy of Horror; or Paradoxes of the Heart by Noel Carroll is an in depth look at the reasons why so many people are intrinsically drawn to images of horror and gore and death in film, art, and life. Carroll discuss the many avenues that people have taken in the past to explain this phenomenon, this apparent paradox of how artistic presentation of normally averse events and objects can give rise to pleasure.(Carroll, p 161) This paradox is a particularly interesting subject with a multitude of explanations and ruminations with only a few actually encompassing the full range of the genre. Horror has an immense following in literature, film, and all other forms of art. Carroll attempts to explain the fascination with art-horror and the implications of the greater social functions that the experience of horror in film and other media perform. Carroll asks the problematic question Why Horror? why is this genre of categorically repulsive material so compelling to its viewers? There are many theories as to why, but most fall short and no not encompass the true nature and breadth of the genre. One arguments put forth by H.P. Lovecraft is the idea of Cosmic Awe. This idea, this attempt to explain away our enjoyment of the grotesque and horrific, is based on the assumption that humans are born with a kind of fear of the unknown which verges on awe(p 162). Fear is ordinarily an unpleasant feeling and not one that one would want to reproduce on purpose artificially; however fear combined with awe of the sublime is something all together different and could be pleasurable. Horror inspires wonder and keeps alive the instinctual feeling of awe about the unknown(p 162). Carroll is not satisfied with that explanation because it does not include all works of the genre and therefore can not be a defining quality much less and answer to the paradox. Many films fall short of arousing Cosmic Awe, yet they are still compelling. Carroll also dismisses the theory of Horror as a religious experience. Some films may inspire religious awe with god-like seductive powers of their monsters, but like the Cosmic Awe theory it is not true of all. These do play a part in defining the enjoyment of some elements of the horror genre. The psychoanalytical reasons for the paradox are more broad in their scope. Horror has interwoven within its structure many of the myths and images that are used for interpretation in psychoanalysis so it is understandable that horror can be read by these myths. Freudian analysis is particularly useful in looking at the symbolic elements in horror that may draw its audience to it. Wish Fulfillment is one area that is looked at. According to Carroll Horror films like nightmares are simultaneously attractive and repellent because they harbor both the wish and its inhibition. The paradox of Horror can be explained...by saying that the ambivalence felt toward the objects of horror derives from a deeper ambivalence about our most enduring psychosexual desires(p 170). Carroll expands that narrow definition by also including repressed anxieties. Psychoanalysis is an avenue that has its possibilities but not all monsters are repressed anxieties or sexual desires. Finally what Carrolls proposes is a new theory of his own that suggests that : For What is attractive--what holds our interest and yields pleasure--in the horror genre need not be, first and foremost, the simple manifestation of the object of art-horror, but the way that manifestation or disclosure is situated as a functional element in an overall narrative structure(p 179) It is in the whole narrative that the fascination is derived from rather then just the grotesque or a particular part of the piece. It is the interest in the outcome of the questions that were raised by the film. Carrolls theory applies to all categories and sub-categories of art-horror. The other methods of reasoning have a place in the discussions of the attractions to horror but only in specifics and not to the genre as a whole. Carrolls point is a simple one yet it does elucidate the paradox. Horror attracts because anomalies command attention and elicit curiosity(p 195). This is true in life as well. There is a profound morbid fascination that takes over people as they pass by accidents on the highway, tune into details about vicious murders, and stare at those afflicted with anomalies. There is this urge to observe death

Tourism and Environmental Conflict

Introduction Tourism is the activity of people travelling from their home or usual environment to other places where they stay for a period of not more than a year primarily having fun with the new environment. The purpose of the travel varies from group to group. It may include travelling for leisure, for business purposes, for educational purposes, and for work purposes.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and Environmental Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There are two types of tourism, outbound tourism and inbound tourism. Out bound tourism is when residents of a given area travel to areas outside their home areas whether as local tourists or as international tourists. In bound tourism is when people, local or international, come in to visit a local area. As the paper reveals, tourism and the environment within which it takes place are ever conflicting. How The Routledge Handbook of Tour ism and the Environment by Holden and Fennel is a popular source that addresses the issue of tourism and the environment. According to Holden and Fennel, the two issues cannot be separated when one is discussing the issue of tourism because tourism affects the environment both positively and negatively with the later taking precedence in most discussions (23). Whenever there is tourism, there is always environmental conflict at a certain point of the tourism activity because the movement of people from one area in to the other area always upsets the balance of the destination environment no matter what the precaution that might be taken. The environment in this case can be described as something real with a life of its own. It can be something perceived in the minds of people having its own natural existence. Negative tourism impacts can be categorized into three major categories as follows: natural resource usage, pollution, and behavioral considerations. Natural resources are usua lly limited in nature. As an example to support the thesis, as pointed out by Nygard in his article, when an area is a tourist attraction point, it becomes an interest to people from outside who, in their pursuits of satisfying their interests of visiting an area, will also have to share in some of the resources like clean water (387). Some of these resources are common pool resources. Therefore, additional users might cause a strain in their availability to all other people in particular those the resources ought to be benefiting the most. This argument is informed by reason that most attraction areas usually attract tourists in droves at a particular time of the year.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More If tourists in some of these areas were distributed all year round with consideration for the existence of these resources, the resources would be easily manageable. This has so far been difficult to achieve because tourism is a profit-oriented business. As a result, players in the industry tend to pull so much towards their own interests to the extent of influencing policy issues so that they can have their way. The need to accommodate tourism leads to the destruction of some ecosystems for building resorts and other facilities that are to be used by the tourists. Accommodation of tourism comes with an opportunity cost towards the available resources. Local people may be denied the use of their own resources so that they are made available for tourism use. Thus, other sectors of the economy might stagnate because of this provision. An example of this case is when the local people in an area are moved away to give some space for constructing a facility like an airport. It also happens when beaches in some areas are closed from locals so that they act as preserves for tourists, in Goa India, for instance, where there has been a lowering of the l ocal level of water wells due to a strain on them. Human behavior by the tourists towards the environment of their destinations is also a source of environmental conflict. Most items that tourists use are usually the disposable type, which come in disposable packaging, which is more often not the eco-friendly type. Most tourists usually discard these packages to the environment without care. In support of the claim made about tourism and the environment, Buckley points out the impact of tourism on flora and fauna. He says, when tourists visit the natural habitats of wildlife to see wildlife in its natural settings, they tend to disrupt the wildlife patterns like their eating and breeding habits (404). Some species of wildlife tend to be extremely sensitive to foreign invasion. Thus, when their breeding is interfered with, it tends to subject them to the endangerment of extinction. Most natural settings that are an attraction to tourism are often introduced to pollution when tourist trucks and other vehicles drive into the expansive natural settings. Therefore, their exhaust emissions normally contaminate plants and other fauna. Tourist activities lead to both direct and indirect pollution of the environment. The mass movement of tourists during tourism seasons leads to air pollution due to the use of planes as a mode of transport.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Tourism and Environmental Conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Planes emit fumes that are left in the air. The fumes contain lots of carbon dioxide, which is a major contributing factor to the degradation of the ozone layer. Therefore, the degradation of the ozone leads to climatic change, as pointed out in the BBC article by North, which adversely affects life on the earth surface (Para. 6). Therefore, tourism directly or indirectly contributes to environmental pollution and degradation in this case. Noise pollution happens in areas like the Serengeti Plain in Tanzania where tourists use hot air balloons to fly and see wildlife. This disturbs the peace and tranquility that animals are supposed to enjoy. As a result, some of these animals tend to move away in search of peaceful places. This therefore directly leads to an upset of the natural environmental settings and the interrelationship between flora and fauna. Another risk caused to the environment through tourism is the use of luxury cruise ships for voyage. Most of these ships are fossil fuel propelled, which produce much fumes that are discharged in the air. They also pose a risk of spilling fuel into the sea in case of an accident. When this happens, it is usually a major environmental disaster because the ships are usually loaded with tones of fuel for their propulsion. Although there are measures in such cruise ships on waste management, there is no guarantee that the crew of ships or the passengers will keep the required standards of waste management. They may thus be tempted to dump wastes into the sea. Game hunting, as a form of sport, is also detrimental to the environment. This is usually a tourist activity (Nygard 384). Hunting game for fun depletes the game in their environment. In some cases, it has led to the near extinction of some species thus altering the environmental set up. On the other hand, tourism is as important as the environment. It has also led to the conservation of the environment by funding this purpose. Therefore, tourism is important to the environment, as well as to the economy of nations as an economic earner.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Refuting the afore-made thesis in his article, Korstanje says that too much emphasis on the protection of the environment tends to slow down tourism thus stifling the income of a nation (94). He points out how tourism leads to infrastructural development of nations thus opening up most countries’ economies to the greater world (95). With the income from tourism, they are able to trade with other countries economically. A strong balance of trade, as well as a strong balance of income, will always boost a country’s economy against issues such as inflation. Some countries of the world, especially most third world countries, are not as industrialized as the first world countries. Therefore, they cannot compete on the industrialization platform with them. The only way for them to earn foreign exchange is through their environment, which is unique in its natural setting. Therefore, if environmentalists are left to have their way, some of these economies will die. The people of these countries will also suffer more than the environment the environmentalists are trying to save. Thus, it will be illogical to save the environment and sacrifice humanity in exchange. If people compare the amount of pollution caused by the industries through massive emissions and the pollution caused by tourism, they find that the pollution by tourism does not generate any reasonable threshold of environmental pollution when put to scale as the industries do. Therefore, it is unfair to project tourism as a major enemy to the environment on the same scale as industries. Too much emphasis on the environment has made it very expensive to invest in tourism. Thus, when it happens, the packages are made to be very expensive as a way of recouping the investment. This usually turns off many potential tourists thus denying a given area so much economic boost that might have come with tourism. It also denies a given area the much-needed money in it that can be used to protect the same environment. Environmental protection is a big package that includes educating the community, putting in place infrastructure that will stop other natural forms of degradation, and the general supervision of the same environment as pointed out by Faraji (46-7) in his opinion. Funds for such projects are not easily forthcoming. If the environment is not allowed to be used as an income-generating project, there will be nothing to be used to save the same environment. Some arguments that have been used to make a case against tourism as being environment damaging are at times farfetched. As an example, the existence of the ozone layer so far is still a matter of debate because it is hypothetical. Thus, there is no proof of its existence. Therefore, the use of the ozone as a measure of tourism pollution when the ozone’s existence is still a conjecture does not hold water as an argument. Conclusion In conclusion, tourism and environmental conflict are issues that have become a big topic for debate. On one hand, tourism as an activity is ever expanding day by day as many people in the world over aspire for leisure moments in their lives. More and more people are saving for holidays nowadays than before. What used to be an indulgence for the rich has turned into an indulgence for almost everyone who can save. This massive increase of tourism traffic causes a strain to the environment at a very alarming rate. At the same time, proponents of tourism argue for tourism. Their arguments are valid thus creating a never-ending debate between tourism and its impact on the environment. Works Cited Buckley, Ralph. â€Å"Tourism and the Environment.† Annual Review of Environment and  Resources 36.1(2011): 397-416. Print. Faraji, Abdoreza. â€Å"The Relationship between Tourism and Environment.† Iranian  Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 1.1(2010): 37-48. Print. Holden, Andrew, and David Fennel (eds). The Routledge handbook of Tourism and the  Environm ent. London: Routledge, 2012. Print. Korstanje, Maximiliano. â€Å"Can tourism be considered ethical?† Journal of Travel   Tourism Research 11.1(2011): 91-104. Print. North, Andrew. Protecting Afghanistan’s Environment and Tourists’ Future, 2012. Web. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-20038511 Nygard, Mikael. â€Å"Opportunit y or Threat: Finnish Hunters attitudes to hunting tourism.†Ã‚  Journal of Sustainable Tourism 19.3(2011): 383-400. Print. This research paper on Tourism and Environmental Conflict was written and submitted by user Trevon D. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Concept Of Criminal Punishment Example

The Concept Of Criminal Punishment Example The Concept Of Criminal Punishment – Term Paper Example Section Number 15 March Punishment and sentencing have gone through various phases throughout the history of Western civilization. Discuss the concept of and rationale behind criminal punishment as it used to be meted out and how it is handled now. How has it changed? Criminal punishment has always existed in societies throughout history; from exiling to imprisonment to fines, those who go against the behavior deemed â€Å"proper† by the society are punished. In earlier times, criminal punishment was meted out for the purpose of retribution; the offender should be punished so that the ones who were wronged could be avenged. The punishment was left to the ones injured, or their families, who would decide what punishment was to be meted out and how. There was no need for the punishment to be proportionate to the crime committed. This concept has greatly changed over time. There was a need felt by the society that the crime and the resultant punishment should be proportionate. M oreover, the need for retribution was replaced by a need for reformation – the offender should be encouraged to make amends and change himself and/or his attitude to become a better person and conform to the rules set by the society. Another factor that has been altered is the physical aspect of the punishments; whereas before drawing and quartering were considered to be a form of punishment, now they are no longer acceptable and are considered cruel. Additionally, steps are being taken to abolish capital punishment from all societies in the world as well. Also, crimes are now considered to be offenses against the state and not persons, so it is up to the state to mete out the punishment. The criminal punishments have been transformed so as to fit well to the sensibilities of people, as there has been a later trend to use them to protect and reform the society and the criminal respectively, and not merely to seek vengeance as was done before.King, J. C. (1980). A rationale fo r punishment. The Journal of Libertarian Studies, IV(2), 151-165.

Current and Future State of Health Care Legislation Analysis Essay

Current and Future State of Health Care Legislation Analysis - Essay Example Americans should be given the autonomy of choice with regards to health care. The dignity and sovereignty of every American that wants to feel protected from a failing health care system can be maintained through this. This paper will examine the recent condition of the health care structure in the U.S., and how decision making can be influenced in the same sector. How is the current health care environment in the U.S.? Currently, the U.S. health care environment is taking a toll on health care consumers. They have to put up with increasing medical costs that do not necessarily make sense to them. The populous states have issues with the mode in which the health care structure is managed. This is because they think that the core business of most health care providers is to make a profit out of vulnerable individuals (Battistella, 2010). Everyone has to face the fact that, medical insurance companies are making a killing out of innocent people. People with not a lot of capital to thro w around and they are the vast majority. They are the insurance companies own cash cow, which intend to capitalise as much as they want. It, the health care environment, is failing and is now focused on survival. Many health care providers are trying to bring in new products and services to ensure they stay afloat in this sinking system. The introduction of these products and services means that, people are likely to pay more for things that are not necessarily out to benefit them (Battistella, 2010). New drugs with adverse side effects are brought into the market. Their approval is because someone must be paying an enormous amount of money to see their drug get through the market. This leads to another problem since corruption becomes rampant in this field while health care consumers become innocent victims. Greed is the cause of all this because nobody does it in the name of science. Another current affair in the health care environment is the upgrade in technology. Many private a nd public health care institutions have taken the time to advance in technology that helps in saving people’s lives. It may cost the organizations lots of capital, but the fruits of such investments are seen after some time. However, an upgrade in technology means that the health care consumer will have to pay more for services rendered. This puts the consumers at a particularly precarious position because they should have back-up from their government (Derickson, 2005). This is when it comes to matters concerning their health care. To protect consumers from such situations, the government regulates policies by insurance companies on health care consumers. However, not all is lost in this environment. Organizations are implementing strategies that assist in reducing the burden placed on health care consumers. By reducing back-office costs, health care providers are spending less capital in their organizations. At the same time, they offer better service levels to the consumer s. They advocate for lower labour costs which ensure they spend a little less on manpower, but ensure that consumers get the best services they offer (Derickson, 2005). One can argue that less money spent on manpower is equal to spending even lesser amounts on